An engineer mate of mine says that the answer to the question "how tight should this bolt be" is always f-tight. He then goes on to point out that f-tight ranges from "finger tight" through to "fairly tight" and on to "f**k me, that's tight" !!

Doesn't help with the query but it makes me chuckle !!

In my experience all the items mentioned above range between 6 and 10nm torque. The best way to measure that without a torque wrench is commonly known as "hand tight". How this works is as follows: If you are, for example, tightening rotor bolts by hand (using a wrench), you would tighten them until they stop turning, then using a little extra force, not excessively, you tighten it a little more. Generally this is 10nm.

Also just as a general rule, on bolts that can loosen because of vibration use some lock tight.

When it comes to carbon fiber I would rather use a torque wrench in order to tighten it exactly according to spec. The reason I say this is that if you tighten it too much you can, without noticing cause hairline crack in the carbon which will weaken it. Yes torque wrenches are expensive, but if you do NOT buy them from a bicycle shop and shop around a bit you will find them at better prices. Adendorf is a good place to start. ;-)